http://www.arabsciencepedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A1&feed=atom&action=historyمضاد القيء - تاريخ المراجعة2024-03-29T15:19:46Zتاريخ التعديل لهذه الصفحة في الويكيMediaWiki 1.39.3http://www.arabsciencepedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A1&diff=16207&oldid=prevإدارة الموسوعة: أنشأ الصفحة ب' الصفحة تحتاج إلى ترجمة ....... An '''antiemetic''' is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typi...'2012-06-21T19:54:40Z<p>أنشأ الصفحة ب' الصفحة تحتاج إلى ترجمة ....... An '''antiemetic''' is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medication (الصفحة غير موجودة)">drug</a> that is effective against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vomit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vomit (الصفحة غير موجودة)">vomiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nausea">nausea</a>. Antiemetics are typi...'</p>
<p><b>صفحة جديدة</b></p><div> الصفحة تحتاج إلى ترجمة .......<br />
<br />
An '''antiemetic''' is a [[medication|drug]] that is effective against [[vomit]]ing and [[nausea]]. Antiemetics are typically used to treat [[motion sickness]] and the [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]] of [[opioid]] [[analgesic]]s, [[general anaesthetic]]s, and [[chemotherapy]] directed against [[cancer]]. <br />
<br />
Anti-emetics are also used for [[morning sickness]], but there is little information about the effect on the fetus, and doctors prefer not to use them unless it is strictly necessary.<ref>{{citation |title= Practical Selection of Antiemetics |author= Zachary A. Flake, Robert D. Scalley, Austin G. Bailey |journal= [[Am Fam Physician]] |year= 2004 Mar 1st |volume= 69 |issue= 5 |pages= 1169–1174 | url= http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0301/p1169.html }}</ref><br />
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==Types of antiemetics==<br />
Antiemetics include:<br />
*[[5-HT3 antagonist|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists]] – these block [[serotonin]] receptors in the [[central nervous system]] and [[gastrointestinal tract]]. As such, they can be used to treat post-operative and cytotoxic drug nausea & vomiting. However, they can also cause [[Constipation]], [[Diarrhea]], [[Drymouth]], and [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]]. <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"> http://www.mesotheliomaweb.org/mesothelioma/treatment/chemotherapy/anti-nausea-treatment/ </ref><br />
** [[Dolasetron]] ('''Anzemet''') - can be administered in tablet form or in an injection.<br />
** [[Granisetron]] ('''Kytril''', '''Sancuso''') - can be administered in tablet (Kytril), oral solution (Kytril), injection (Kytril), or in a single transdermal patch to the upper arm (SANCUSO).<br />
** [[Ondansetron]] ('''Zofran''') - administered in an oral tablet form, oral dissolving tablet form, or in an injection.<br />
** [[Tropisetron]] ('''Navoban''') - can be administered in oral capsules or in injection form.<br />
** [[Palonosetron]] ('''Aloxi''') - can be administered in an injection or in oral capsules.<br />
** [[Mirtazapine]] ('''Remeron'''), an [[antidepressant]] that also has antiemetic effects.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
*[[Dopamine antagonist]]s act in the brain and are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with [[neoplastic disease]], radiation sickness, opioids, cytotoxic drugs and general anaesthetics. Side effects include [[Muscle Spasms]] and [[Psychomotor agitation|Restlessness]]. <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"/><br />
** [[Domperidone]]<br />
** [[Olanzapine]]<br />
** [[Droperidol]], [[haloperidol]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[promethazine]], [[prochlorperazine]]. Some of these drugs are limited in their usefulness by their [[Extrapyramidal system|extra-pyramidal]] and sedative side-effects.<br />
** [[Metoclopramide]] (Reglan) also acts on the GI tract as a pro-kinetic, and is thus useful in gastrointestinal disease; however, it is poor in cytotoxic or post-op vomiting.<br />
** [[Alizapride]]<br />
** [[Prochlorperazine]] ('''Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil''')<br />
*[[NK1 receptor antagonist]]<br />
**[[Aprepitant]] ('''Emend''') Commercially available NK1 Receptor antagonist<br />
**[[Casopitant]] Investigational NK1 receptor antagonist<br />
* [[Antihistamine]]s ([[Histamine receptor|H<sub>1</sub> histamine receptor]] antagonists), effective in many conditions, including motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat [[opioid]] nausea. <br />
** [[Cyclizine]]<br />
** [[Diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl)<br />
** [[Dimenhydrinate]] (Gravol, Dramamine)<br />
** [[Doxylamine]]<br />
** [[Meclozine]] (Bonine, Antivert)<br />
** [[Promethazine]] (Pentazine, Phenergan, Promacot) Promethazine can be administered via a rectal suppository for adults and children over 2 years of age.<br />
** [[Hydroxyzine]]<br />
*[[Cannabinoid]]s are used in patients with [[cachexia]], cytotoxic nausea, and vomiting, or who are unresponsive to other agents. These may cause changes in perception, dizziness, and loss of coordination. <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"/><br />
** [[Medical cannabis|Cannabis]] - Medical marijuana, in the U.S., it is a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule I controlled substances|Schedule I]] drug.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
** [[Dronabinol]] (Marinol) - a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule III controlled substances|Schedule III]] drug in the U.S.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
** Some [[synthetic cannabinoids]] such as [[Nabilone]] (Cesamet) or the [[JWH cannabinoids|JWH]] series. <br />
** [[Sativex]] is an oral spray containing THC and CBD. It is currently legal in Canada and a few countries in Europe but not legal in the U.S.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
** [[Midazolam]] given at the onset of anesthesia has been shown in recent trials to be as effective as [[ondansetron]].<br />
{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
** [[Lorazepam]] said to be very good as an adjunct treatment for nausea along with first line medications such as [[Compazine]] or [[Zofran]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}<br />
*[[Anticholinergic]]s<br />
** [[Hyoscine]] (also known as [[scopolamine]])<br />
*[[Steroid]]s<br />
** [[Dexamethasone]] ('''Decadron''') given in low dose at the onset of a general anaesthetic is an effective anti-emetic. The specific mechanism of action is not fully understood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}<br />
*Other<br />
** [[Trimethobenzamide]]; thought to work on the [[chemoreceptor trigger zone|CTZ]]<br />
** [[Ginger]] - contains 5HT3 antagonists [[gingerols]] and [[shogaols]]. <ref>{{citation |journal= [[Eur J Pharmacol]]. |date= 2006-01-13 |volume= 530 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 136–43 |title= Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. |author= Abdel-Aziz H, Windeck T, Ploch M, Verspohl EJ. |pmid= 16364290 }} Epub 2005 Dec 20</ref><br />
** [[Emetrol]] also claimed to be an effective antiemetic.<br />
** [[Propofol]] given intravenously. It has been used in an acute care setting in hospital as a rescue therapy for emesis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
** [[Peppermint]] claimed to help nausea or stomach pain when added into a tea or peppermint candies.<br />
** [[Muscimol]] purported as such. <ref>[http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/5082#section1 Muscimol. Chemical Data Sheet], Database of Hazardous Materials, [[CAMEO chemicals]]</ref><br />
** [[Ajwain]] purported to be antiemetic. It is a popular spice in [[India]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist | 1}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Emetic]]<br />
* [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]<br />
* [[Chemotherapy]]<br />
<br />
{{Major Drug Groups}}<br />
{{Antiemetics and antinauseants}}<br />
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[[Category:Antiemetics| ]]</div>إدارة الموسوعة