إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة

2016-11-14T04:00:07Z

مراجعة واحدة

صفحة جديدة

{{redirect|Teething troubles|the idiom|wikt:teething troubles}}
[[File:Teething.jpg|thumb|A 9-month-old infant with a right lower central incisor about to emerge]]
[[File:Teething 2.jpg|thumb|A 9-month-old infant with a visible right lower central incisor]]
'''Teething''' is the process by which an [[infant]]'s first teeth (the [[deciduous teeth]], often called "baby teeth" or "milk teeth") sequentially appear by emerging through the gums, typically arriving in pairs. Teething usually begins between six and eight months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Teething-Information|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002045.htm|website=http://nlm.nih.gov|publisher=[[MedlinePlus]]|accessdate=14 October 2015|date=20 November 2014}}</ref> It can take several years for all 20 teeth to complete the [[tooth eruption]]. Though the process of teething is sometimes referred to as "cutting teeth", when teeth emerge through the gums they do not cut through the flesh. Instead, [[hormones]] are released within the body that cause some cells in the gums to die and separate, allowing the teeth to come through.<ref>[http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/teething/Pages/Introduction.aspx Teething] ''[[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]]'' of England</ref>

Teething may cause a slightly elevated temperature, but not rising into the [[fever]] range, {{convert|100|-|101|F|C|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2016|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501}}</ref> Higher temperatures during teething are due to some form of infection, such as a herpes virus, initial infection of which is extremely widespread among children of teething age.<ref name="autogenerated234">{{cite journal | title = Fever associated with teething |author1=L Jaber |author2=I J Cohen |author3=A Mor | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | year = 1992 | pages = 234}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
The level of pain that a baby can handle will be different for each child. Some may be a lot fussier than others while they are teething. The soreness and [[swelling (medical)|swelling]] of the [[gingiva|gums]] before a tooth comes through is the cause for the pain and fussiness a baby experiences during this change. These symptoms usually begin about three to five days before the tooth shows, and they disappear as soon as the tooth breaks the skin.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tc/teething-topic-overview Teething Overview] WebMD. Retrieved on 2010-01-25</ref> Some babies are not even bothered by teething.

Common symptoms include [[drooling]] or dribbling, mood changes, irritability or crankiness, and swollen gums. Crying, [[insomnia|sleeplessness]], restless sleep at night, and mild fever are also associated with teething. Teething can begin as early as 3 months and continue until a child's third birthday.<ref>[http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/common/teething.html The Teething Process] KidsHealth Portal. Retrieved on 2010-01-25</ref> In rare cases, an area can be filled with fluid and appears over where a tooth is erupting and cause the gums to be even more sensitive. Pain is often associated more with large molars since they cannot penetrate through the gums as easily as the other teeth.

Some noticeable symptoms that a baby has entered the teething stage include chewing on their fingers or toys to help relieve pressure on their gums. Babies might also refuse to eat or drink due to the pain. Symptoms will generally fade on their own, but a doctor should be notified if they worsen or are persistent. Teething may cause signs and symptoms in the mouth and gums, but does not cause problems elsewhere in the body.<ref>[http://mayoclinic.com/health/teething/FL00102 Infant and toddler health] Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2010-01-25</ref>

Pulling on the ears is another sign of pain; the pain in the mouth throbs throughout the baby's head so they pull their ears believing that it will provide relief. Mild [[rash]] can develop around the mouth due to skin irritation that is caused by excessive drooling or dribbling.<ref>[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/teething/page2_em.htm#Teething%20Symptoms Teething Symptoms] eMedicine Health Portal. Retrieved on 2010-01-25</ref>

===Sequence of appearance===
[[File:TemporalTeethDeveploment.gif|200px|thumb|right|Stages of tooth emergence, at 0 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years.]]
The infant teeth tend to emerge in pairs - first one lower incisor emerges then the other lower incisor emerges before the next set begin to emerge. The general pattern of emergence is:
# Lower central [[incisor]]s (2) at approximately 6 months
# Upper central incisors (2) at approximately 8 months
# Upper lateral incisors (2) at approximately 10 months
# Lower lateral incisors (2) at approximately 10 months
# First [[molar (tooth)|molar]]s (4) at approximately 14 months
# [[Canine teeth|Canines]] (4) at approximately 18 months
# Second molars (4) at approximately 2–3 years

[[Deciduous teeth|Milk teeth]] tend to emerge sooner in females than in males. The exact pattern and initial starting times of teething appear to be [[hereditary]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. When and how teeth appear in an infant has no bearing on the health of the child.

===Misdiagnosis as teething===
Teething has not been shown to cause fever or diarrhea;<ref>{{cite book |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, Sixth edition |last=Tintinalli |first=Judith |year=2004 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |location= |isbn=0-07-138875-3 |page=1483 |url= }}</ref> however the belief that teething causes fever is extremely common among parents.<ref name="wiley28">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00412.x | title = Challenging parental myths regarding their children's teething | year = 2010 | last1 = Owais | first1 = AI | last2 = Zawaideh | first2 = F | last3 = Bataineh | first3 = O | journal = International Journal of Dental Hygiene | volume = 8 | pages = 28–34 | pmid = 20096079 | issue = 1}}</ref> Whilst there is some evidence that teething can cause an elevated temperature, it does not cause fever (temperature over {{convert|100|–|101|F|C|sigfig=3}}. One small 1992 study found a significant rise in temperature on the day of eruption of the first tooth.<ref name="autogenerated234"/> Another study in 2000 found "mild temperature elevation" but not fever over {{convert|102|F|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10742315 | year = 2000 | last1 = MacKnin | first1 = ML | last2 = Piedmonte | first2 = M | last3 = Jacobs | first3 = J | last4 = Skibinski | first4 = C | title = Symptoms associated with infant teething: A prospective study | volume = 105 | issue = 4 Pt 1 | pages = 747–52 | journal = Pediatrics | doi = 10.1542/peds.105.4.747}}</ref>

There is a risk that fever around the age of teething is dismissed as due to teething when it is actually due to illness, particularly infection by herpes viruses. "Coincidentally, primary tooth eruption begins at about the time that infants are losing maternal antibody protection against the herpes virus. Also, reports on teething difficulties have recorded symptoms which are remarkably consistent with primary oral herpetic infection such as fever, irritability, sleeplessness, and difficulty with eating."<ref name=pmid1323823>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1323823 | year = 1992 | last1 = King | first1 = DL | last2 = Steinhauer | first2 = W | last3 = García-Godoy | first3 = F | last4 = Elkins | first4 = CJ | title = Herpetic gingivostomatitis and teething difficulty in infants | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 82–5 | journal = Pediatric dentistry}}</ref> "Younger infants with higher residual levels of antibodies would experience milder infections and these would be more likely to go unrecognized or be dismissed as teething difficulty."<ref name=pmid1323823/> Herpes virus infection may take the form of [[primary herpetic gingivostomatitis]] (HSV-1)<ref name="wiley28"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugs.com/cg/primary-herpetic-gingivostomatitis-in-children.html |title=Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis In Children |publisher=Drugs.com |date= |accessdate=December 18, 2011}}</ref> or of infection by [[human herpesvirus 6]] (HHV-6), which infects 90% of children by age 2.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa042207 | title = A Population-Based Study of Primary Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection | year = 2005 | last1 = Zerr | first1 = Danielle M. | last2 = Meier | first2 = Amalia S. | last3 = Selke | first3 = Stacy S. | last4 = Frenkel | first4 = Lisa M. | last5 = Huang | first5 = Meei-Li | last6 = Wald | first6 = Anna | last7 = Rhoads | first7 = Margaret P. | last8 = Nguy | first8 = Long | last9 = Bornemann | first9 = Rena | last10 = Morrow | first10 = Rhoda Ashley | last11 = Corey | first11 = Lawrence | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 8 | pages = 768–76 | pmid = 15728809| display-authors = 8 }}</ref> "The symptoms of elevated temperature and facial rash could be explainable by infection with the HHV-6 agent, which is ubiquitous among infants of teething age."<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4801349 | title=Teething troubles? | year=2002 | last1=McIntyre | first1=G T | last2=McIntyre | first2=G M | journal=British Dental Journal | volume=192 | issue=5 | pages=251–5 | pmid=11924952}}, citing King DL Teething revisited. Pediatr Dent 1994; 16: 179–182.</ref> Other viruses{{example needed}} may also cause fevers which may be misattributed to teething,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Jeanie Lerche|title=Teething vs. Illness: How to Tell the Difference|url=http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20000410/babies-teething-illness|website=[[WebMD]]|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref> but the oral involvement that may occur with herpes viruses makes misdiagnosis a particular risk for such infections.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keiki|first1=Kute|title=History of Teething and Relation to Fever|url=http://www.kutekeiki.com/does-teething-cause-fever-babies/|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref>

==Treatment==
[[File:1940 govt photo minnesota farming scene chippewa baby teething on magazine indians at work.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Chippewa]] baby teething on a magazine, 1940]]
Before treating a baby for teething, it is important to know what is causing the baby to be upset. Rubbing a finger gently along the gums in search for swollen ridges or the feel of a tooth below the gums is one way to be certain. If unsure, it is recommended that the child be seen by a [[pediatrics|pediatrician]] before treatment is administered.

A teething ring is generally a soft plastic device that can be chewed on and allows the baby to break down some of the gum tissue which promotes the growth of the teeth out of the gum. Some teething rings can easily be broken or damaged, so other types of teething devices can be made from household items. Placing a wet washcloth in the freezer for a few minutes and then applying it gently to the gums can be effective, but care must be taken not to expose a baby's gums to coldness for too long.

Infants chew on objects to aid in the teething process. This can be dangerous if the baby is allowed to chew on objects which are small enough to be swallowed or which could break while being chewed and cause [[choking]]. Teething rings and other toys, called [[teether]]s, are often designed with textures that will appeal to an infant during teething. Drawing water into a pacifier and freezing it as another way to offer a teething child relief. The cold pressure on the gums gives relief without making the child’s fingers cold.

Some infants gain relief from chewing on cold objects. Some children respond well to chilled foods. Suggestions for chilled foods that might appeal to a baby include applesauce, yogurt, and pureed fruits.

[[Dentist]]s recommend brushing infants' teeth as soon as they appear. It is not advisable to wait for the teething process to be complete. Dentists may recommend against the use of fluoride [[toothpaste]] during teething.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

===Medication===
In cases where the infant is in obvious pain, some doctors recommend the use of [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) or child-safe pain-relief treatments containing [[benzocaine]], [[lidocaine]], or [[choline salicylate]]. Benzocaine must be used cautiously because it can cause [[methemoglobinemia]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm250024.htm |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Reports of a rare, but serious and potentially fatal adverse effect with the use of over-the-counter (OTC) benzocaine gels and liquids applied to the gums or mouth |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=April 7, 2011 |accessdate=December 18, 2011}}</ref> choline salicylate is related to [[aspirin]] and "may cause [[Reye's syndrome]] in susceptible children, especially those with or recovering from viral infections, or when used in combination with other NSAIDs".<ref name="autogenerated18">{{cite journal | title = Teething, teething pain and teething remedies | author = Annetta K.L. Tsang | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 18 | journal = International Dentistry - Australian Edition}}</ref> 5% lidocaine gel produces [[anaesthesia]] (numbing) within 2–5 minutes, lasting for 10–20 minutes.<ref name="autogenerated18"/> However, one author concludes that, "Overall, the risks and adverse effects from inappropriate or prolonged use of pharmacological agents outweigh their potential benefits."<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite journal | title = Teething, teething pain and teething remedies | author = Annetta K.L. Tsang | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 23 | journal = International Dentistry - Australian Edition}}</ref> She points out that "the psychological trauma involved in administering medications or applying topical preparations to infants must be considered",<ref name="autogenerated3"/> and argues that "the placebo effect must not be overlooked. For example, applying a gel of 20% benzocaine in [[polyethylene glycol]] may give only a modest benefit over applying the placebo, which gives an efficacy of 60% compared with 90% for the active preparation."<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

Medicines are often applied to the babies' gums to relieve swelling and pain. These gels are similar to the toothache gel that is used by adults for sore gums and toothaches, but is administered in much smaller doses. Teething gels work as a numbing agent to dull the nerves in the gums so that the pain is less noticeable. It is important to follow the directions on the package to ensure that the correct amount of medication is administered and that proper techniques are used to reduce the risk for infection. It is important not to let the medicine numb the throat as it may interfere with the normal gag reflex and may make it possible for food to enter the lungs.<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/teething/page2.htm#medications Medications used to treat teething pain] eMedicine MedicineNet. Retrieved on 2010-01-25</ref> Similar medicines are also available in powder form, as "teething powder".

[[paracetamol|Acetaminophen]] and [[ibuprofen]] are also recommended to treat the pain and swelling that babies experience. It should only be used a few times a day so that it does not mask symptoms that are being experienced due to other medical conditions and not because of teething. Products that contain [[aspirin]] should never be given to a child unless directed by a pediatrician, due to the risk of [[Reye's syndrome]].

Some traditional medicine used to treat teething pain has been found to be harmful due to high lead content, with effects including [[toxic encephalopathy]]. "Surma" or "[[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]]" has traditionally been used in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent as a teething powder, as have the Middle Eastern "saoott"/"cebagin". "Santrinj" - a 98% [[lead oxide]] product otherwise used as a paint primer - is also used in the Middle East as a home remedy for teething.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18690981 | year = 2008 | last1 = Karri | first1 = SK | last2 = Saper | first2 = RB | last3 = Kales | first3 = SN | title = Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–9 | pmc = 2538609 | journal = Current drug safety | doi = 10.2174/157488608783333907}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Teething Ring.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Early twentieth century teething ring and pacifier.]]
Teething used to be considered (wrongly) a cause of death, as many children died in the first years of life, at the same time as teething occurs. "The tendency in the past to attribute serious disease to teething was so prevalent that in 1842 teething was the registered cause of death in 4.8% of all infants who died in London under the age of 1 year and 7.3% of those between the ages of 1 to 3 years according to the Registrar General's report."<ref name="autogenerated234" />

Ironically, while teething is a natural process which creates little more than discomfort, some methods for relieving teething pain have caused serious harm and even death. Old remedies for teething include "blistering, bleeding, placing leeches on the gums, and applying cautery to the back of the head".<ref name="autogenerated1996">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05105-7 | title = The lancet and the gum-lancet: 400 years of teething babies | year = 1996 | last1 = Dally | first1 = Ann | journal = The Lancet | volume = 348 | issue = 9043 | pages = 1710}}</ref> In the sixteenth century the French surgeon [[Ambroise Paré]] introduced the lancing of gums using a [[Lancet (surgery)|lancet]], in the belief that teeth were failing to emerge from the gums due to lack of a pathway, and that this failure was a cause of death. This belief and practice persisted for centuries, with some exceptions, until towards the end of the nineteenth century lancing became increasingly controversial and was then abandoned, although as late as 1938 an Anglo-American dental textbook advised in favour of lancing, and described the procedure.<ref name="autogenerated1996"/> In the first half of the twentieth century, [[teething powder]]s in the English-speaking world often contained [[calomel]], a form of mercury. It was removed from most powders in 1954 when it was shown to cause "pink disease" (acrodynia), a form of [[mercury poisoning]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1093/shm/10.2.291 | title = The Rise and Fall of Pink Disease | year = 1997 | last1 = Dally | first1 = A. | journal = Social History of Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–304 | pmid = 11619497}}</ref>

Teething toys have a long history. In England in the 17th–19th centuries, a ''coral'' meant a teething toy made of coral, ivory, or bone, often mounted in silver as the handle of a rattle.<ref>''[[OED]]''; [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roco/hod_47.70.htm Examples from the Metropolitan]</ref> A museum curator has suggested that these substances were used as "sympathetic magic"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/childcare/rattle/index.html |title=Rattles |publisher=Victoria & Albert Museum of Childhood |date= |accessdate=December 18, 2011}}</ref> and that the animal bone could symbolize animal strength to help the child cope with pain.

==See also==
* [[Tooth eruption]]
* [[Deciduous teeth]]
* [[Permanent teeth]]
* [[Dentition]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Teething}}
* [http://www.nhs.uk/Planners/birthtofive/Pages/Teething.aspx NHS Choices Birth to Five Planner]: Teething
* [http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/teething/Pages/Introduction.aspx NHS Choices Health A-Z]: Teething
* "Personal View: It's only teething... A report of the myths and modern approaches to teething", M P Ashley, British Dental Journal 191, 4 - 8 (2001) Published online: 14 July 2001 | {{doi|10.1038/sj.bdj.4801078}}. http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v191/n1/full/4801078a.html
* [http://www.tlismimoti.com/ Tlismi Moti : Tilasmi Moti for painless teething]: tlismi moti

{{Tooth development}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Infancy]]
[[Category:Teeth]]

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Teething - تاريخ المراجعة

إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة