إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة

2016-11-14T04:01:50Z

مراجعة واحدة

صفحة جديدة

{{Expert-subject|anthropology|talk=Characteristics of Sundadonty?|reason=it lacks a description of sundadonty|date=June 2014}}

[[File:Mongoloid Australoid Negrito Asia Distribution of Asian peoples Sinodont Sundadont.GIF|200px|thumb|
Distribution of sinodonts and sundadonts in Asia, shown by yellow and red. Also shown are [[australoids]], indicated by A, and [[negritos]], indicated by N.<ref name="Howells">Howells, William W. (1997). ''Getting Here: the story of human evolution''. ISBN 0-929590-16-3</ref>]]
'''Sinodonty''' and '''Sundadonty''' are two patterns of features widely found in the [[dentition]]s of different [[East Asian people|populations in East Asia]]. These two patterns were identified by anthropologist [[Christy G. Turner II]] as being within the greater "[[Mongoloid]] dental complex".<ref>G. Richard Scott, Christy G. Turner, (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HuRcAyXWJxIC&pg=PA165 The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and Its Variation in Recent Human Populations]''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521784530</ref> Sundadonty is regarded as having a more generalised, [[Australoid race|Australoid]] morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty.

The [[Classical compound|combining forms]] ''Sino-'' and ''Sunda-'' refer to [[China]] and [[Sundaland]], respectively, while ''-dont'' refers to teeth.

==Description==
{{multiple image
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 142
| image1 = Japanese Mongoloid.png
| image2 = Kalmuck Mongoloid Cephalic Index 86.png
| footer = Male Sinodont Mongoloid ([[Japanese people|Japanese]]) and female Sinodont Mongoloid ([[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]])
}}

{{multiple image
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 147
| image1 = Jose rizal 01.jpg
| image2 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van Raden Ajeng Kartini TMnr 10018776.jpg
| footer = Male Sundadont Mongoloid ([[Filipino people|Filipino]]) and female Sundadont Mongoloid ([[Indonesian people|Indonesian]])
}}
Turner found the Sundadont pattern in the skeletal remains of [[Jōmon]] people of [[Japan]], and in living populations of [[Taiwanese aborigines]], [[Filipino people|Filipinos]], [[Native Indonesians|Indonesians]], [[Thai people|Thais]], [[Borneo|Borneans]], [[Laotians]], and [[Malaysians]].

By contrast, he found the Sinodont pattern in the [[Han Chinese]], in the inhabitants of [[Mongolia]] and eastern [[Siberia]], in the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], and in the [[Yayoi]] people of Japan.

Sinodonty is a particular pattern of [[teeth]] characterized by the following features:
* The upper first two [[incisors]] are not aligned with the other teeth, but are rotated a few degrees inward and are [[Shovel-shaped incisors|shovel-shaped]].
* The upper first [[premolar]] has one root (whereas the upper first premolar in Caucasians normally has two roots), and the lower first [[Molar (tooth)|molar]] in Sinodonts has three roots (3RM1)<ref>https://www.unr.edu/Documents/liberal-arts/anthropology/Scott/Scott_Dental_Anthropology_EHB.pdf</ref> whereas it has two roots in Caucasoid teeth.

==Applicability==
In the 1990s, Turner's dental morphological traits were frequently mentioned as one of three new tools for studying origins and migrations of human populations. The other two were linguistic methods such as [[Joseph Greenberg]]'s [[mass comparison]] of vocabulary or [[Johanna Nichols]]'s statistical study of [[language typology]] and its evolution, and genetic studies pioneered by [[Cavalli-Sforza]].{{or|date=July 2016}}

Today, the largest number of references to Turner's work are from discussions of the origin of [[Paleo-Amerindians]] and modern [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], including the [[Kennewick Man]] controversy. Turner found that the dental remains of both ancient and modern Amerindians are more similar to each other than they are to dental complexes from other continents, but that the Sinodont patterns of the Paleo-Amerindians identify their ancestral homeland as north-east Asia. Some later studies have questioned this and found Sundadont features in some American peoples.

For example, in 1996, Rebecca Haydenblit of the Hominid Evolutionary Biology Research Group at Cambridge University did a study on the dentition of four pre-Columbian [[Mesoamerica]]n populations and compared their data to "other Mongoloid populations".<ref name="Haydenblit" /> She found that "[[Tlatilco]]", "[[Cuicuilco]]", "[[Monte Albán]]" and "[[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]]" populations followed an overall "Sundadont" dental pattern "characteristic of Southeast Asia" rather than a "Sinodont" dental pattern "characteristic of Northeast Asia".<ref name="Haydenblit">Haydenblit, R. (1996), Dental variation among four prehispanic Mexican populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 100: 225–246. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199606)100:2<225::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-W</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ainu people]]
* [[Austronesian peoples]]
* [[Malay race]]
* [[Odontometrics]]
* [[Shovel-shaped incisors]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*''The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and Its Variation in Recent Human Populations'' by George Richard Scott, Christy G Turner II.; Cambridge University Press 1997; ISBN 0-521-78453-0 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=HuRcAyXWJxIC&printsec=toc&dq=Sinodont+Sundadont Google Book Search]
*{{cite book | isbn = 978-0-8129-7146-0 | title = The Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey | last1 = Wells | first1 = Spencer | year = 2004 | publisher = Random House Trade Paperbacks | location = New York, NY | pages = }}
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929709004029 Kimura, Ryosuke; Yamaguchi, Tetsutaro; Takeda, Mayako; et al.: ''A Common Variation in EDAR Is a Genetic Determinant of Shovel-Shaped Incisors.'' AJHG. Volume 85, Issue 4, 9 October 2009, Pages 528–535, online]

==External links==
*[http://www.antiquityofman.com/Palaeoindian_origins.html Affinities of the Paleoindians]
*[http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/10_1Non-Metric.htm "Tracing Native American Origins"]

[[Category:Teeth]]
[[Category:Biological anthropology]]

Sinodonty and Sundadonty - تاريخ المراجعة

إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة