إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة

2016-11-14T04:34:52Z

مراجعة واحدة

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2016-09-30T05:25:15Z

Reverting vandalism - Undid revision 740553750 by 12.187.245.30 (talk)

صفحة جديدة

[[File:CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG|thumb|[[Fossil]] shark teeth ([[Cretaceous]]) from southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].]]
[[Image:Steensen - Elementorum myologiae specimen, 1669 - 4715289.tif|thumb|''Elementorum myologiae specimen'', 1669]]
A '''shark tooth''' is one of the numerous [[teeth]] of a [[shark]]. A shark tooth contains resistant calcium phosphate materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/fossils/fossil-folklore/fossil_types/shark_teeth.htm|title=Fossil folklore|publisher=}}</ref> Sharks continually shed their teeth; some [[Carcharhiniformes]] shed approximately 35,000 teeth in a lifetime, as well as replace them by producing thousands of more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/vafossils/coastal_plain/sharkteeth/index.php|title=Shark teeth|publisher=}}</ref> There are four basic types of shark teeth: dense flattened, needle-like, pointed lower with triangular upper, and non-functional. The type of tooth that a shark has depends on its diet and feeding habits.

In some formations, shark's teeth are a common [[fossil]]. These fossils can be analyzed for information on shark [[evolution]] and [[biology]]; they are often the only part of the shark to be fossilized. Fossil teeth comprise much of the [[fossil record]] of the [[Elasmobranchii]], extending back to hundreds of millions of years. Shark teeth are also useful in conducting research about the structure of teeth, shark migration patterns, and identifying shark species.

The most ancient types of sharks date back to 450 million years ago, during the [[Late Ordovician]] [[Period (geology)|period]], and are mostly known by their fossilised teeth. However, the most commonly found fossil shark teeth are from the [[Cenozoic]] era (the last 66 million years).

==Types and Functions==

There are four basic types of shark teeth that vary according to the diet of the shark; those species that have dense flattened teeth for crushing, those that have needle-like teeth for gripping, those that have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting, and those that have teeth that are tiny, greatly reduced, and non-functional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharksavers.org/en/education/biology/shark-teeth1/|title=Shark Savers :: Shark Teeth|publisher=}}</ref>
[[File:Eastman1901-web.jpg|thumb|right|Eastman1901-web]]

===Dense Flattened Teeth===
Dense flattened teeth are used to crush prey like [[bivalves]] and [[crustaceans]]. These Sharks include [[nurse sharks]] and [[angel sharks]]. They are typically found at the bottom of the ocean floor because this is the habitat in which their prey live. Their teeth are flat in order to easily crack open the shells their prey uses for protection.<ref name="typesofsharkshq.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.typesofsharkshq.com/what-do-sharks-eat/|title=What Do Sharks Eat – The Shark Diet|work=Types of Sharks}}</ref>

===Needle-like Teeth===
Sharks with needle-like teeth commonly feed on small to medium fish and or other small sharks. Their teeth are especially effective for their prey because they can easily grip their slippery and narrow meals. Some examples are the [[blue shark]] and [[bull sharks]]. These sharks specifically use their teeth to feed on small prey like [[squid]], [[flounder]], [[stingrays]], and even [[hammerhead sharks]].<ref name="typesofsharkshq.com"/>

===Pointed Lower Teeth and Triangular Upper Teeth===
This combination of pointed lower teeth with triangular upper teeth are especially useful for cutting prey that consist of large mammals and fish. The combination of teeth entails serrated edges to cut the larger prey into smaller portions in order to easily swallow the pieces. The most famously known shark with these teeth is the [[Great White shark]], which feeds on animals such as [[sea lions]], [[dolphins]], other sharks, and even small whales.<ref name="typesofsharkshq.com"/>

===Non-Functional Teeth===
The teeth of plankton-feeders, such as the [[basking shark]] and [[whale shark]], are greatly reduced and non-functional.[1] These sharks [[filter feed]] on prey by opening their mouths to let tiny organisms get sucked into their mouths to feed without using their teeth at all.<ref name="typesofsharkshq.com"/>

===Transitional teeth===

As one species evolves into another, its teeth may become difficult to classify, exhibiting characteristics of both species. For example, teeth from ''[[Carcharocles auriculatus]]'' as it evolved into ''[[Carcharocles angustidens|C. angustidens]]'', are difficult to definitively identify as coming from either species.

A commonly referred to transition is the evolution of ''Isurus hastalis'', the Extinct Giant Mako, into the [[Great white shark|Great White shark]], ''Carcharodon carcharias''. There exist teeth that are believed to represent the transition between the two species. These teeth, from ''Carcharodon sp.'' are characterised by the wider, flatter crowns of the Extinct Giant Mako. However, they also exhibit partial, fading serrations, which are more pronounced near the root, and disappear towards the tip of the tooth - serrations being found in Great Whites but not Extinct Giant Makos.

===Megalodon teeth===
[[File:Carcharocles megalodon tooth.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Megalodon|C. megalodon]]'' tooth excavated from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina, United States.]]
''[[Megalodon|C. megalodon]]'' teeth are the largest of any shark, extinct or living, and are among the most sought after types of shark teeth in the world. This shark lived during the '''late''' [[Oligocene]] epoch and [[Neogene]] period, roughly about 28 to 1.5 million years ago, and ranged to a maximum height of about 60 ft.<ref name="thezencart®teamandothers">{{cite web|url=http://megalodonteeth.com/about-fossil-shark-teeth|title=About Fossil Shark Teeth|author=The Zen Cart® Team|publisher=|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The smallest teeth are only {{convert|1.2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in maximum height, while the largest teeth are in excess of {{convert|17.7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in maximum height. The smaller teeth ranging from 3½” and 4½” are more common to find, while the teeth over 5”, 6”, and 7” are increasingly more rare.<ref name="thezencart®teamandothers"/> These teeth are in extremely high demand by collectors and private investors, and they can fetch steep prices according to their size and deterioration.<ref name="thezencart®teamandothers"/> The larger teeth can cost up to as much as 3,000 dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharksteeth.com/Megalodon6.html|title=6 plus inch Megalodon Sharks Teeth|publisher=}}</ref>

===Deposits===
Shark teeth cannot be collected from just any type of rock. Any fossils, including fossil shark teeth, are preserved in [[sedimentary rock]]s after falling from their mouth.<ref name="thezencart®teamandothers"/> The sediment that the teeth were found in is used to help determine the age of the shark tooth due to the fossilization process.<ref name="ufl.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/fossils/fossil_modernsharkteeth.html#age|title=FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Fossil Sharks|publisher=}}</ref> Shark teeth are most commonly found between the [[Upper Cretaceous]] and [[Tertiary]] [[Period (geology)|periods]].<ref name="Hennemann">Hennemann RM. Sharks & Rays: El i love shark teethasmobranch Guide of the World. IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv, Frankfurt, Germany 2001:266-269.</ref> Only after about 10,000 years will a shark tooth fossilize.<ref name="beachchairscientist.com"/> The teeth commonly found are not white because they are covered with sediment from fossilization. The sediment prevents oxygen and bacteria from attacking and decaying the tooth.<ref name="Hennemann"/><ref name="beachchairscientist.com">{{cite web|url=http://beachchairscientist.com/2012/08/12/sink-your-teeth-into-this-20-facts-about-shark-teeth/#wrap|title=Sink your teeth into this: 20 facts about shark teeth|work=Beach Chair Scientist}}</ref>

Fossilized shark teeth can often be found in or near river bed banks, sand pits, and beaches. These teeth are typically worn, because they were frequently moved and redeposited in different areas repeatedly before settling down. Other locations, however, yield perfect teeth that were hardly moved during the ages. These teeth are typically fragile, and great care should be taken while excavating them.<ref name="Hennemann"/> [[Phosphate]] pits, containing mostly fossil bones and teeth, or [[kaolin]] pits, are ideal places to look for fossil shark teeth. One of the most notable phosphate mines is in Central Florida, Polk County, and is known as '''Bone Valley'''. Most of the teeth found here range from 3 to 10 million years old.<ref name="thezencart®teamandothers"/> Near [[New Caledonia]], up until the practice was banned, fishermen and commercial vessels used to dredge the sea floor for [[megalodon]] teeth. In the state of Georgia, shark teeth are found so often that they decided to make shark teeth the official state fossil in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Georgia/GA-fossil-shark-tooth.html|title=Georgia State Fossil - Shark Tooth|publisher=}}</ref>

==Counting==
[[File:How to count shark teeth.png|thumb|[[Megalodon]] lower jaw with 4 tooth rows and 4 tooth series labeled. "Series 1" contains the functional teeth at the front of the jaw.]]
In [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], shark teeth are counted as follows: '''rows''' of teeth are counted along the line of the jaw, while '''series''' of teeth are counted from the front of the jaw inward. A single tooth row includes one or more functional teeth at the front of the jaw, and multiple replacement teeth behind this.<ref>{{cite book |title=Coastal fishes of Southern Africa |author1=Heemstra, P.C. |author2=Heemstra, E. |publisher=NISC/SAIAB |year=2004 |isbn=1-920033-01-7 |pages=47}}</ref> For example, the jaws of a [[bull shark]] can have 50 rows of teeth in 7 series, with the outermost series functional, but most sharks have 5 rows with the average shark having about 15 rows of teeth in each jaw.<ref name="beachchairscientist.com"/> The small teeth at the symphysis, where the two halves of the jaw meet, are usually counted separately from the main teeth on either side. Sharks are also known to lose at least one tooth per week. Due to their specific arrangement of rows and series however, lost teeth can be replaced within a day.<ref name="beachchairscientist.com"/>

==Shark Teeth Research and Identification==
Identification of most sharks are found through a combination of tooth counts and tooth shapes. Teeth can even lead to the identification of shark species like the [[requiem]] shark. The fossilized records of teeth helps illustrate evolutionary history, and isolated teeth are used to study and analyze specific linear measurements of the species.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Naylor | first1 = G. J. P. | last2 = Marcus | first2 = L. F. | year = 1994 | title = Identifying isolated shark teeth of the genus carcharhinus to species; relevance for tracking phyletic change through the fossil record | url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/51542224 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3109 | issue = | page = 53 }}</ref> In order to identify teeth and specific information about the teeth, research can be done on a shark tooth. This research may uncover many different aspects about the tooth itself, and the shark species. This proves complicated, however, due to the fact that most fossilized teeth are found mixed and scattered.<ref name="ufl.edu"/> To collect information on basic-life history and get dispersal estimates of a shark tooth, molecular-based technology is very efficient. To further shark population studies, collection of [[mtDNA]] can be extracted from shark jaws and teeth.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ahonen | first1 = H. | last2 = Stow | first2 = A. J. | year = 2008 | title = Shark jaws and teeth: An unexploited resource for population genetic studies | url = | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 450–455 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01896.x }}</ref> To study the caries-reducing effect in sharks, studies are done on the [[fluorine]] atoms that are bound covalently to [[calcium]] atoms in the teeth. Each tooth has a complex [[fluorapatite]] structure enameloid.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = C. | last2 = Wang | first2 = Z. | last3 = Saito | first3 = M. | last4 = Tohei | first4 = T. | last5 = Takano | first5 = Y. | last6 = Ikuhara | first6 = Y. | year = 2014 | title = Fluorine in shark teeth: Its direct atomic-resolution imaging and strengthening function | url = | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | volume = 126 | issue = 6| pages = 1569–1573 | doi = 10.1002/ange.201307689 }}</ref> In order to reduce effects of deterioration in the teeth, it is useful to sample only the surface of the enameloid of the tooth for this specific research.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Becker | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Seidemann | first2 = D. E. | last3 = Chamberlain | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Buhl | first4 = D. | last5 = Slattery | first5 = W. | year = 2008 | title = [[Strontium]] isotopic signatures in the enameloid and dentine of upper cretaceous shark teeth from western alabama: Paleoecologic and geochronologic implications | url = | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 264 | issue = 1–2| pages = 188–194 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.006 }}</ref> Studying and researching shark teeth betters our understandings of shark feeding behaviors, evolutionary changes, and mechanisms.<ref>Whitenack, L. B. (2008). The biomechanics and evolution of shark teeth. (Order No. 3376233, University of South Florida). http://search.proquest.com/docview/304460308 </ref> This helps us to identify the teeth, and even the species.

==History of discovery==
[[File:ScapanorhynchusCretaceousIsraelTwo.jpg|thumb|''[[Scapanorhynchus]] texanus'', [[Menuha Formation]] (Upper [[Cretaceous]]), southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].]]
The oldest known records of [[fossil]]ized shark teeth are by [[Pliny the Elder]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dharmabeachbum.com/2012/06/04/sharks-teeth/|title=Sharks’ teeth are falling! - Dharma Beach Bum|work=Dharma Beach Bum}}</ref> who believed that these triangular objects fell from the sky during [[lunar eclipse]]s.

According to Renaissance accounts, large, triangular fossil [[teeth]] often found embedded in rocky formations were believed to be petrified tongues of [[dragon]]s and [[snake]]s and so were referred to as "tongue stones" or "glossopetrae". ''Glossopetrae'' were commonly thought to be a remedy or cure for various poisons and toxins; they were used in the treatment of [[snake bite]]s. Due to this ingrained belief, many noblemen and royalty wore these "tongue stones" as pendants or kept them in their pockets as good-luck charms.

This interpretation was corrected in 1611 by the Italian naturalist [[Fabio Colonna]], who recognized them as ancient shark teeth, and, in 1667, by the Danish naturalist [[Nicolas Steno|Nicolaus Steno]], who discussed their composition and famously produced a depiction of a shark's head bearing such teeth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haven|first=Kendall|title=100 Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|year=1997|pages=25–26|isbn=1-59158-265-2}}</ref> He mentioned his findings in a book, ''The Head of a Shark Dissected'', which also contained an illustration of a ''[[Megalodon|C. megalodon]]'' tooth, previously considered to be a tongue stone.<ref name="D" >{{Cite news|last=Bruner|first=John|title=The Megatooth shark|year=1997|publisher=FLMNH|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/InNews/megatoothshark.htm|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref>

==Tool use by humans==
[[File:Shark-tooth weapons.jpg|thumb|[[Gilbert Islands|Gilbertese]] weapons edged with shark teeth.]]
In [[Oceania]] and [[Americas|America]], shark teeth were commonly used for tools, especially on weapons such as clubs and daggers, but also as blades to carve wood and as tools for food preparation. For example, various weapons edged with shark teeth were used by the [[Native Hawaiians]] (see example here<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bishopmuseum.org/exhibits/pastExhibits/1997/treasures/html/WEAPON.html |title=Treasures of Hawai'i : Shark Tooth Weapon |publisher=Bishopmuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref>), who called them [[leiomano]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKwBKmwy7EEC |title=Sharks of Hawaii: Their Biology and Cultural Significance |first=Leighton R. |last=Taylor |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1993 |isbn= 978-0-8248-1562-2 |page=28}}</ref> Some types were reserved for [[Ali'i|royalty]].<ref>Anthony Meyer (1995) ''Oceanic Art,'' v. 2, p. 579.</ref> The [[Guaitaca]] (Weittaka) of coastal Brazil tipped their arrows with shark teeth.<ref>[[Alfred Métraux|Métraux, Alfred]] (1946) ''Handbook of South American Indians,'' v. 1, p. 522, "The Guaitaca"</ref> The remains of shark tooth-edged weapons, as well as [[chert]] replicas of shark teeth, have been found in the [[Cahokia]] mounds of the [[upper Mississippi River]] valley, more than {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the ocean.<ref>Greg Perino, c. 1950, ''Cahokia Brought to Life,'' pp. 66-67</ref> It is reported that the [[rongorongo]] tablets of [[Easter Island]] were first shaped and then inscribed using a hafted shark tooth.<ref>Métraux, Alfred (1940), "Ethnology of Easter Island". ''Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin'' (Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press) 160:404</ref>

==See also==
* [[Elasmobranch]]
* [[Fish jaw]]
* [[List of sharks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite book |first=Sid |last=Campbell |title=Warrior Arts and Weapons of Ancient Hawaii |publisher=Blue Snake Books |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=1-58394-160-6 |oclc=65400291 |chapter=Shark-Tooth Weapons}}
*{{cite book |last=Castro |first=Jose |title=The Sharks of North American Waters |location=College Station |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-89096-143-3}}
* Hennemann RM. ''Sharks & Rays: Elasmobranch Guide of the World.'' IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv, Frankfurt, Germany 2001:266-269.
*{{cite book |last=Stevens |first=John D. |title=Sharks |location=New York |publisher=NY Facts on File Publications |year=1987 |isbn=0-8160-1800-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bishopmuseum.org/exhibits/pastExhibits/1997/treasures/html/WEAPON.html A weapon of tiger-shark teeth on carved koa wood], at the [[Bishop Museum]].
* [http://www.shark-references.com www.shark-references.com: Database of bibliography of living/fossil sharks and rays (Chondrichtyes: Selachii) with more than 15.000 listed papers and a lot of downloadlinks]

{{Shark nav}}
{{diversity of fish}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shark Tooth}}
[[Category:Sharks|Tooth]]
[[Category:Fish anatomy]]
[[Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Teeth]]

Shark tooth - تاريخ المراجعة

إدارة الموسوعة 1: مراجعة واحدة

2602:306:832E:9B70:51B6:B849:7B70:C04D: Reverting vandalism - Undid revision 740553750 by 12.187.245.30 (talk)